Insurance
is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.
An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, insurance carrier or underwriter.
A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or as a
policyholder. The insurance transaction involves the insured assuming a
guaranteed and known relatively small loss in the form of payment to the
insurer in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured
in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial,
but it must be reducible to financial terms, and usually involves
something in which the insured has an insurable interest established by ownership, possession, or preexisting relationship.
The insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy,
which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insurer
will compensate the insured. The amount of money charged by the insurer
to the insured for the coverage set forth in the insurance policy is
called the premium. If the insured experiences a loss which is
potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim
to the insurer for processing by a claims adjuster. The insurer may hedge its own risk by taking out reinsurance,
whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of the risk,
especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to
carry.
FOREX
The foreign exchange market (Forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines the foreign exchange rate. It includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in the world, followed by the Credit market.[1]
The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers
and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. Since
currencies are always traded in pairs, the foreign exchange market does
not set a currency's absolute value but rather determines its relative
value by setting the market price of one currency if paid for with
another. Ex: 1 USD is worth X CAD, or CHF, or JPY, etc.
The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions,
and operates on several levels. Behind the scenes, banks turn to a
smaller number of financial firms known as "dealers", who are involved
in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange
dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called
the "interbank market"
(although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms
are involved). Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very
large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the
sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, Forex has little (if
any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.
The foreign exchange market assists international trade and
investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a
business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies and the carry trade speculation, based on the differential interest rate between two currencies.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some
quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another
currency.
The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the
1970s. This followed three decades of government restrictions on foreign
exchange transactions under the Bretton Woods system
of monetary management, which set out the rules for commercial and
financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II. Countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed per the Bretton Woods system.
BITCOIN
Bitcoin adalah sebuah uang elektronik yang di buat pada tahun 2009 oleh Satoshi Nakamoto. Nama tersebut juga dikaitkan dengan perangkat lunak sumber terbuka
yang dia rancang, dan juga menggunakan jaringan peer-ke-peer tanpa
penyimpanan terpusat atau administrator tunggal di mana Departemen
Keuangan Amerika Serikat menyebut bitcoin sebuah mata uang yang terdesentralisasi . Tidak seperti mata uang pada umumnya, bitcoin tidak tergantung dengan mempercayai penerbit utama. Bitcoin menggunakan sebuah database yang didistribusikan dan menyebar ke node-node dari sebuah jaringan P2P ke jurnal transaksi, dan menggunakan kriptografi
untuk menyediakan fungsi-fungsi keamanan dasar, seperti memastikan
bahwa bitcoin-bitcoin hanya dapat dihabiskan oleh orang memilikinya, dan
tidak pernah boleh dilakukan lebih dari satu kali.
Desain dari Bitcoin memperbolehkan untuk kepemilikan tanpa
identitas (anonymous) dan pemindahan kekayaan. Bitcoin - bitcoin dapat
disimpan di komputer pribadi dalam sebuah format file wallet atau di simpan oleh sebuah servis wallet
pihak ketiga, dan terlepas dari semua itu Bitcoin - bitcoin dapat di
kirim lewat internet kepada siapapun yang mempunyai sebuah alamat Bitcoin.
Topologi peer-to-peer bitcoin dan kurangnya administrasi tunggal
membuatnya tidak mungkin untuk otoritas, pemerintahan apapun, untuk
memanipulasi nilai dari bitcoin - bitcoin atau menyebabkan inflasi dengan memproduksi lebih banyak bitcoin.
Bitcoin adalah salah satu dari implementasi pertama dari yang disebut cryptocurrency, pertama kali di deskripsikan oleh Wei Dai pada tahun 1998 dalam milis cypherpunks.[7]
